Marketing Tourism Preparing Hospitality Managers

Question: Discuss the Case Study for Marketing Tourism of Preparing Hospitality Managers. Answer: Introduction The term Mcdonaldised was given by the scholar George Ritzer, he defines that Mcdonaldised as a method by which the values and ethics of fast food restaurants are coming to dominate most of the sectors of society not only in the United States but the rest of the world also. According to Ritzer Mchdonaldised not only affects the restaurant and tourism business, but also in other aspects of society (Harrington et al., 2011). We live in culture of value efficiency, quantity and predictability and contribution of all these three aspects make the world Mcdonaldised Efficiency: In McDonald restaurant services are too fast and effective to deliver the products fast and quick. Everyone uses the efficiency of McDonald model in daily and modern society such as doing banking and completing tax formalities on the net, easy weight loss programs, using fast technology in online shopping g and so on (Holjevac, 2003). In the tourism sector, we can see the example of Walt Disney fast services like online booking, passes and so on. Predictability: In predictability aspect, every consumer in McDonald can predict the restaurants deign, food menu uniformly is almost same in every country. Similarly, the other sectors also we have seen same stores in different places. There are many popular websites that have the same layout and it becomes easy for the customers as they know about the products and how can they deal with any situation (Cho, 2002). In the tourism sector, we have seen many theme parks for children and other activities can be predicted by the customers which help him to choose the destination. Calculability- McDonald highlights quantity over quality. In every store, the consumer can buy the same level of weight and size of burgers and other eatable product of McDonald. Every product is standardized and of high quality to satisfy the expectations of the consumers. The consumer always wants to know the quantity they are offering is good quality and their cost is according to their standard (Ingram, 2003). In the competitive market, other business also applies the calculability aspect to maintain the image in the market. There are many stores which are open 24 hours to give qualitative products to the customers. Controlling- The fourth principle of Mcdonaldised is controlling. Control of non-human technology, includes computers, bar coding scanners other techniques that remove human inconsistency from procedures and control people (Salazar, Costa, Rita, 2010). So, according to Ritzer, we can apply the term Mcdonldised in every aspect of our daily life. In this essay, we are analyzing the aspects of Mcdonaldised in tourism, their positive and negative impacts hospitality. This analysis shows the impact of the tourism industry in the 21st century. Impact of Mcdonaldised The hospitality sector encourages to study of host and guest and motivated by a public relation. In hospitality you make every possible aspect of delivering services to the customers feel at home and satisfied with your services. It is related in all the sectors of domestic and commercial. Analyzation of Hospitality In the modern world, the term hospitality has become popular and may be interpreted in different ways, whether it is public services or commercial based. The key of the successful hospitality in both the commercial and private embraces facts of what suggest the pleasure in the guest and hospitality as a process that includes arrival, providing comfortable services and fulfill and satisfied the customers need (Edwards Meiselman, 2005). In tourism sector the different components that relate to hospitality like food, accommodation, place of attraction, and other useful information, hospitality must be applied in all these components to feel the customer satisfied. The customer always wants the best utilization of resources with minimum cost, and when they offered a little bit higher cost with the satisfied hospitality they will not hesitate to pay for good and the best hospitality in tourism sector and they tell others, which benefit from the whole tourism industry (Frochot, 2010). The hospitality industry can be analyzed and debated in cultural, domestics and commercial domains. Let us discuss one by one. Cultural domain- The cultural domain of hospitality includes the act of hospitableness that takes place in social forces on the production and consumption of accommodation, and food, etc. It suggests the requirement to study the social context in which particular hospitality activities take place. Domestic domain- The Domestic domain helps the issues related to the meaning of hosting and hospitableness. The provision of accommodation and food shows the feeling of friendship and special bonds among the people who believes in sharing hospitality (Gross, 2010). Commercial domain- The commercial provision of hospitality used in most of the societies in the United State of America where hospitality does not occupy the main position in the value system. There is always an issue related to the commercial, hospitability an argument that restaurants and hotel facilities are really economic and contain in management activity (Sean et al., 2011). Fig: Understanding of commercial, hospitality industry According to the Ritzer process of Mcdonaldised the efficiency of hospitality in commercial domain increase by adopting the principles of predictability, calculability, and efficiency. These processes help in generating customers emotions and feeling of being undervalued as individual personalities (Christou, 2002). Standardizing and the systemizing procedures are a central characteristic of the approach to dealing with hospitality services in hotels and bars. Positive and negative aspects of the Mcdonaldised Hospitality Industry Hospitality Industry explores the delivery of host and guest experiences. This is also very vast industry in which services are varied from accommodation, food, drink and other services. Hospitality sector considers small firm providers operating a bed and breakfast accommodation, guest house, where the domestic and commercial aspects of the hospitality and hospitableness get mixed (Davidow, 2001). There are lots of service providers, Hotels, Restaurants, eateries come into the picture. Generally, a guest requires touch base approach when he approaches a hotel, restaurant or an eatery. As the globalization or McDonaldization happens in every industry, the hospitality industry is also not untouched. This industry demands labour cost reduction with the increased use of technology. The world is witnessing a positive aspect of it in the area of making a reservation for accommodation. Currently, there are lots of mobile and internet applications that are available through which guests can make bookings of hotels, guest houses or even small rooms which are available for bed and breakfast. As the whole process is user-friendly and efficient (which is one of the McDonaldization factors) is increased, customer experience is also good (K Kang, 2015). The impact is so positive now there is no much requirement of staff for business promotions and bookings, so there is a decrease in service levels, and increase in customer self-service. Perhaps the core of the hospitality industry essentially requires hosts welcoming the guest into their space that means this industry demands a personal touch. Guests or customer empathy is totally moved on with respect to given quality of services where the personal touch is required. Efficiency cant be increased with decreasing people (Gross, 2010). There have been many adverse customers reactions to McDonaldization trend in this industry that has resulted in some hospitality organizations returning to service personalization for their competitive advantage. No doubt there is a need to provide quick and quality services to the customers that mean Bigger the Better but all buyers are different and their requirements and desires are also different, so the general rule of Predictability and Control cant be applied in every situation (Stierand Wood, 2012). Designing and exploring the customer experience require a thorough research as it does touch base with different formats and dimensions. The future of hospitality wants to be well thought-out as a symbol for receiving people into not- hospitality industry spaces. In this century, a tendency of Mcdonaldised, where the labour cost is reduced through the faster and increased use of technology that diminishing service levels, and increasing customer self-service are functioning among all the sectors of the hospitality industry (Mohsin, 2010). Tourism has always been the main prospect for people to get in touch and connected with different cultures and customs. There is a need to study the tourism industry and its impacts on the customers the large -scale nature of the tourism industry necessitates the aspects of McDonaldization with examples like the efficiency of short and packaged activities, the calculability of tour time frame, the predictability of activities with certainty and the control through different higher technology (Gustavo, 2013). The suggestion of flexibility and customization, included in Mcdonaldised, is an independent booking, explanation, and customizable tour. Ritzier used Mcdonaldised as a prime example because according to him McDonald model is used not only in the tourism industry, but it can be applied in other business also. In the world of the 21ST century, everything is becoming more Mcdonaldised and it is necessary to analyze the impact of Mcdonaldised (Edwards Meiselman, 2005). Here we are discussing the positive and negative impact of Mcdonaldised in Tourism industry. The Mcdonaldised model captures the marketable transactions and different activities within the tourism industry. AS the study of Mcdonaldised it shows more negative aspects of the model, but to analyze the situation effectively, we must study the positive and negative from all perspectives and through all frames. The two main positive sides of Mcdonaldised tourism sector are convenient and affordable. It is convenient in both points of view for the customer and for the tourist businessman. There are many websites where customers can see all the details related to their destination point (Davidow, 2001). The customer can do himself an online booking for the tickets, accommodation, transport facility, food, and other important information in one place without wasting time and it also saves the money of the consumers. It is easy to manage the business by net banking with keeping all the business records which would probably not easy without the quick aspect of Mcdonaldised. Mcdonaldised is also helpful in affordability point of view. It allowed, the middle-class people to afford their earning in tourism sectors as get the best cheaper tourism plan on the website with direct dealing in the absence of any middlemen. It also helps to increase the growth and development rate of the tourism industry, as more people engaged themselves in preparing a holiday plan. For the business purpose also it is easily able to make the clients with online basis. The business gets successes by giving full information about their hotels, their services to the customers (Gustavo, 2013). As the Mcdonalidised model has standardized facts of running the business it is easy for the tourist industry to maintain the standards of the business. In Ritzier thesis people travel for a different experience of what could experience at home. They want vacations that are more controllable, predictable, and efficient for them. The impact of Mcdonaldised must be clear by recalling the main aspects Mcdoladised which we have discussed above. Efficiency is the ideal method of completing the task in an easy and quick way. As consumers get every information in one place with less effort, similarly tourism workers also perform less effort to find the clients. The owners of the business get successes as their business runs faster and more efficiently. This system offers comfort and constancy in the rapidly changing world. Efficiency aspect is the advantage to its holders, as what the consumers wants they get it quickly, workers has to do less effort and holder get benefits in his business (Kang, Lee, Huh, 2010). In the tourism sector, we can see the example of Walt Disney fast services like online booking, passes and so on. As we take the example of theme parks, it has an efficiency to deal with a large number of people with highly rationalized machines. In the parking area, they will manage the number of cars with an organized and systematic manner as in Disney parking is the best example of quick effectiveness. Such a high level of effectiveness is required to deal with the traffic of modern theme park and encourage the tourist sector by giving comfort services. ATM is the best example of quick service at any place because money transactions are important in every field (Ladkin, 2002). It can lead to certain drawbacks, also as ATM force the customers to perform their own work that was originally performed for them not by them. The efficiency for the tourism industry owners become inefficient for the consumers and they have to do lots of efforts in searching the sites and have to pay for the privilege of making your own plan (Tse, 2012). There is lots of hidden information and sometimes it will create lots of confusion. So its better to handle the Mcdonaldised model carefully. According to the calculability aspect, consumers prefer quantity and quick delivery instead of quality bases. This is generally not true. Today, consumers expect quality services. In tourism sectors also if the services are good and comfort of the consumers they will manage their financial transactions, but they will not adjust in terms of quality services. It is a difficult task to regulate the quantitative suggestions with quality aspects (Mia, 2002). If ignore the quality aspect, its not easy to attain the number of people. The tourist gets attracted in terms of neatness, friendly staff and other visible indicators of quality. All the tourist attraction places show the image of quality and to handle the huge amount of people in a systematic manner. In the tourism sector, we have seen many theme parks for children and other activities can be predicted by the customers which help him to choose the destination. Consumers simply know what they are going to get before the vacations. They know everything about the destination place like safety point of view, food availability, traffic free areas and other information that saves the time as consumer predicts before about the time duration so its easy to organize their plan (Marianne et al., 2014). The Predictability concept is looking great in some restaurants and store, but it cant be attractive and applied in every field of tourism. In holiday destinations, places consumers always excited about the new adventures and doing innovative things they will more curious in doing unpredictable things rather than predicted. For the tourist industry doing and creating innovative ideas is helpful in competing for market strategy. As they have different and creative options to serve their clients in a more systematic way. In control aspect, the practice of technologies minimizes the inefficiency and unpredictability in human nature. To control, a large number of people in the huge, crowded area needs high technologies to control. Fewer workforces hired to control the machine work and employers in the industry maintain tighter control over their employees. The control system includes the transportation, tour packaging and other tourism products. Everything is pre-measured and automatically controlled. The people no need to think, just push the button and get all the desired information and simply follow the instructions. For example, radio taxi at your service within 5 minutes, through net banking you can know all the information at any place and at any time. For tour planning, you need not worry about the bookings and so on. Everything is done so quickly that you even not need to waste even a single second (Walsh et al., 2014). In a the21st century, its not bad to use high techniques to get the things easily and comfortably, but our lives are becoming more Mcdonaldised which gives adverse effects. The main drawback of controlling model is itself as it is totally technologically based, there is no need for manpower which creates unemployment and if there is any technical problem arises, it is not easy to handle as it will be time-consuming as well as lots of money is required to sort out the controlling system of any new technology. There are some more Dimensions of Mcdonaldised that did not include the four aspects, but they are equally important- Deskilling -To do work with the minimum abilities as all the bookings, tour packaging, related information is easily available on the sites. As there is no need to give extra efforts and training to workers as they are cheaply trained and easily replaceable (Lynch, 2015). It creates the situation of unemployment in the field of the tourism sector and skilled labour is almost diminished. Consumer Worker- The main trickiest logic about the Mcdoladised is that consumer becomes an unpaid employee. The best examples are the various food chain restaurants applies self-services and take your own order. The irrationality of Rationality- As the craziness of most the attractive tourist spot having a large number of people creates the irrationality of rationality and thus the Mcdonaldised efficiency normally leads to inadequacy for the place. At some time, it is very difficult to manage the time limits of the place (Lyck, 2002). Customer purchases passes and tickets for the different attractive activities. They spend lots of time in standing large queue which resultant either they got the tickets or its too late for other activities and this is a very crucial situation in customer point of view as they will not enjoy the full activities and they already pay for the whole activity. These situations often arise in amusement parks, sports water parks. It is not good for the customers, but it gives an advantage to the tourist owner as they get their price whether customer enjoyed or not. Its not false to say that the efficiency aspect of Mcdonaldised works for the industry, not for the cus tomers or guest. This creates a wider impact on tourist destinations. MCdonaldised is not an issue. The problem is handled with care. Mcdonaldised affects the tourism industry in positive as well as negative aspects. It is beneficial for those who properly manage its aspects and brought wealth to them. Without Mcdonaldised the tourism industry does not take the benefits of higher technology, which lead to the growth and development of the industry. Conclusion Thus Mcdonaldised is a process of breaking the major task into the smaller task and the process continues till they reach in the active method. The work is done in a rapid and effective manner with predicted thought all aspects are controlled and quantity becomes the measurement of good presentation. We deeply studied the Mcdonaldised given by Ritzier in terms of hospitality and in tourism Industry. As the tourism industry is incomplete without effective hospitality. The theory of Mcdonaldised used in many food industries in order to provide the best quality of food and services to the customers (Magnini, 2009). Mcdonaldised helps in adopting the best use of modern technology not only in the tourism sector but in every field of life. It helps in providing quick and fast services to the customers with different options. It increases the efficiency of the industry; the as large amount of products is available in one roof with good quality. The products that are costly are now affordabl e by the customer. Along the positive results, every aspect has a negative image also. Ritzier also explains that internal issues and problems only give rise to incompetence and the fast development of the fast food restaurants not only affects the health related issues to the customers but also affect the whole environment. It also points out the issues that are linked to the quality and services offered by the hotels and restaurants, which affect the whole tourism industry. This presentation divides organizations into two approaches given by Ritzer. Organizations like local eatery shops, art and craft galleries, small business centers, etc., follow "Something" approach. Organizations like McDonald's, Walmart, Starbucks, credit cards, the Internet follow "Nothing" approach. Organizations believe in "Something" approach are derived by locally conceived and controlled social form which is rich in social values are in danger. On the other hand, the organizations follow "Nothing" are centrally conceived and controlled are getting flourished and pushing former organizations out of society. Due to globalization, customers are demanding customization so the increase in market fragmentation and actual movement is happening to mass customization from mass production. Should the hospitality and tourism industry adopt more customization? Should both sectors completely adopt McDonaldization Society? If the answer is yes, then how does it go about achieving it? The Author believes it is not possible to have a standard formula for mass customization for both industries. The Author believes complete McDonaldization is organization specific and successful adoption of this model by one company can't work for another one. On the other hand, it will be foolishness to disregard McDonaldization approach completely. The company itself needs to understand where or in which areas it can bring customization and adopt new technologies without compromising its core values otherwise they may lose their business. The author believes that organization, which are well prepared for accepting new technologies and doing customization as per customer demands will be rewarded with customer loyalty, market leadership, productivity, and profitability. As we see the impact of Mcdonaldised it has its own positive and negative aspects. With the implication of Mcdonaldised in tourism sector increase the number of tourists, decrease duration and helpful in the growth of the company, but side by side, it gives adverse effect in terms of quality, uncertainty, and controlling techniques. At last, after discussing the term Mcdonaldised it is true to say that its a great thing if we apply it carefully. It gives the tourism sector and other business a great advantage and a use the new techniques with proper attention help the tourism industry to grow worldwide. In the 21st century, Mcdonaldised enables us to do different things in an easy manner that we are not able to do in the past. References Cho, W. (2002). Preparing Hospitality Managers for the 21st Century: The Merging of Just-in-Time Education, Criticalthinking, and Collaborative Learning.Journal Of Hospitality Tourism Research,26(1), 23-37. Christou, E. (2002). 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About Daniel Libeskind, New Yorks Master Planner

About Daniel Libeskind, New York's Master Planner Architects design more than buildings. An architects job is to design space, including the spaces around buildings and in cities. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, many architects submitted plans for reconstruction on Ground Zero in New York City. After heated discussion, judges selected the proposal submitted by Daniel Libeskinds firm, Studio Libeskind. Background: Born: May 12, 1946 in Là ³d’z, Poland Early Life: Daniel Libeskinds parents survived the Holocaust and met while in exile. As a child growing up in Poland, Daniel became a gifted player of the accordionan instrument his parents had chosen because it was small enough to fit in their apartment. The family moved to Tel Aviv, Israel when Daniel was 11. He began playing piano and in 1959 won an America-Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship. The award made it possible for the family to move to the USA. Living with his family in a small apartment in the Bronx borough of New York City, Daniel continued to study music. He didnt want to become a performer, however, so he enrolled in Bronx High School of Science. In 1965, Daniel Libeskind became a naturalized citizen of the USA and decided to study architecture in college. Married: Nina Lewis, 1969 Education: 1970: Architecture degree, Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, NYC1972: Postgraduate degree, History and Theory of Architecture, Essex University, England Professional: 1970s: Various architectural firms, including Richard Meier, and various teaching appointments1978-1985: Head of School of Architecture, Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan1985: Founded Architecture Intermundium, Milan, Italy1989: Established Studio Daniel Libeskind, Berlin, Germany, with Nina Libeskind Selected Buildings Structures: 1989-1999: Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany2001: Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, Kensington Gardens, London2002 (selected in February 2003): Ground Zero Master Plan2003: Studio Weil, Mallorca, Spain2005: The Wohl Centre, Ramat-Gan, Israel1998-2008: Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, CA2000-2006: Frederic C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum, Denver, CO2007: The Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto, Canada2008: Westside Shopping and Leisure Centre, Bern, Switzerland2008: The Ascent at Roeblings Bridge, Covington, Kentucky (near Cincinnati, Ohio)2009: The Villa, Libeskind Signature Series, prefabricated house available Worldwide2009: Crystals at CityCenter, Las Vegas , Nevada2010: 18.36.54 House, Connecticut2010: The Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre, Hong Kong, China2010: Bord Gis Energy Theatre and Grand Canal Commercial Development, Dublin, Ireland2011: Reflections at Keppel Bay, Keppel Bay, Singapore2011: CABINN Metro Hotel, Copenhagen, D enmark 2013: Haeundae Udong Hyundai IPark, Busan, South Korea2014: Ohio Statehouse Holocaust Memorial, Columbus, Ohio2014: Beyond the Wall, Almeria, Spain2015: Sapphire, Berlin, Germany2015: Centre De Congrà ¨s Mons, Mons, Belgium2015: Zhang ZhiDong And Modern Industrial Museum, Wuhan, China2015: CityLife Master Plan, Central Tower C, and Residences, Milan, Italy Winning the Competition: The NY World Trade Center: Libeskinds original plan called for a 1,776-foot (541m) spindle-shaped Freedom Tower with 7.5 million square feet of office space and room for indoor gardens above the 70th floor. At the center of the World Trade Center complex, a 70-foot pit would expose the concrete foundation walls of the former Twin Tower buildings. During the years that followed, Daniel Libeskinds plan underwent many changes. His dream of a Vertical World Gardens skyscraper became one of the buildings you wont see at Ground Zero. Another architect, David Childs, became the lead designer for Freedom Tower, which was later renamed 1 World Trade Center. Daniel Libeskind became the Master Planner for the entire World Trade Center complex, coordinating the overall design and reconstruction. See pictures: What Happened to the 2002 Plan for Ground Zero?One WTC, Evolution of Design, 2002 to 2014 In 2012 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) honored Libeskind with a Gold Medallion for his contributions as an Architect of Healing. In the Words of Daniel Libeskind: But to create a space that never existed is what interests me; to create something that has never been, a space that we have never entered except in our minds and our spirits. And I think thats really what architecture is based on. Architecture is not based on concrete and steel and the elements of the soil. Its based on wonder. And that wonder is really what has created the greatest cities, the greatest spaces that we have had. And I think that is indeed what architecture is. It is a story.- TED2009 But when I stopped teaching I realized you have a captive audience in an institution. People are stuck listening to you. It is easy to stand up and talk to students at Harvard, but try doing it in the marketplace. If you only speak to people who understand you, you get nowhere, you learn nothing.- 2003, The New Yorker There is no reason that architecture should shy away and present this illusory world of the simple. It is complex. Space is complex. Space is something that folds out of itself into completely new worlds. And as wondrous as it is, it cannot be reduced to a kind of simplification that we have often come to be admired.- TED2009 More About Daniel Libeskind: Counterpoint: Daniel Libeskind in Conversation with Paul Goldberger, Monacelli Press, 2008Breaking Ground: An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero by Daniel Libeskind Sources: 17 words of architectural inspiration, TED Talk, February 2009; Daniel Libeskind: Architect at Ground Zero by Stanley Meisler, Smithsonian Magazine, March 2003; Urban Warriors by Paul Goldberger, The New Yorker,, September 15, 2003 [accessed August 22, 2015]

Attitudes on Immigrants

Attitudes on Immigrants Introduction Attitudes can be described as narrow when they mirror positive or negative assessment of an entity and wide ranging when they comprise principles with the character of assessment (Schuman, Charlotte, Lawrence Maria, 1997). Either way, they can be positive and accommodating or negative and stand-offish.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes on Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More White people generally hold varying attitudes towards immigrants and pro-immigrant policies, that is, policies that favour immigration. Pessimists feel that immigrants should not benefit from pro-immigrant policies for various reasons. They are of the opinion that immigrants seize career opportunities from American born citizens, the state uses up a lot of money aiding them and that their presence leads to escalation of delinquency and law-breaking. Optimists on the other hand have entirely different views. They belie ve that immigrants contribute to advancement in America by coming up with fresh initiatives, enhancing their culture and are beneficial to Americas economy in general. They further express that officially authorized immigrants who are not American citizens should be given similar rights and freedoms to those of citizens and that children of non-citizens who are born in America should have the right to citizenship. These attitudes and subsequent opinions are shaped mainly by core networks (a person’s contacts), group threat from immigrants or intergroup contact with immigrants. They are further influenced by race, education level, age and religion of members of the core networks. Core Networks Core networks focus on particular people and those with whom they socialize. It is believed that a person’s opinion is often shaped by the opinion of their friends and acquaintances (Friedkin, 1990).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because a friend is someone you trust, open up to, compel, aspire to please and who enlightens you when you are shaping your opinion on people of different races and ethnic backgrounds and the government procedures that affect them (Friedkin 1990). In a community setting, white peoples’ opinions on immigrants are influenced by the total number of people from other races, how learned the occupants of the community are, the period for which they have been acquainted and how close they are. Ordinarily, in a community with many people, close associates reduce hence the likelihood of being compelled to be consistent with the accepted communal tendencies dwindles. This raises the probability of encountering recent facts and knowledge concerning a wide range of topics. Core networks however, tend to consist of people of similar ethnicity hence diminishing the possibility of encountering recent knowledge. This is due to the fact that people of the same ethnicity have the same understanding of ethnic benefit (Blau, 1977). On the other hand, when core networks consist of members of diverse cultural backgrounds, they share knowledge that benefits the different cultures (Bienenstock, Bonacich Oliver; 1990). White people who associate with other races have a high probability of being informed on immigrant-friendly reason thus improving their attitude towards immigrants. Peoples’ attitudes are also affected by how learned they are. Highly learned people associate with more people of diverse racial backgrounds. This is mainly because they work with a wide range of people. This cultivates a sensitive stance towards immigrants and immigration policies that favour them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes on Immigrants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A professor in a college, for instance, is likely to have students of different ethnicities in his classes. This exposes him to their beliefs, practices and helps him see their contribution to America’s culture and economy. Subsequently, he exposes his colleagues, friends and family to those views and they do the same in their social circles. This shows that an educated network can influence peoples’ views on immigration and immigration policies. Age on the other hand seems to have an unenthusiastic association with immigration issues. Mature people see immigrants more as a burden than as profitable contributors in society thus support more constraints being placed in immigration processes and immigrants. Accordingly, in deep-rooted core networks, people are likely to be convinced not to uphold pro-immigrant views. The closeness of the members of a core network also determines their ability to influence each others’ opinions on immigrant issues. When people in a core network are very close, they are constantly in contact with each other and therefore reserve little, if any time for the people outside their social circles (Oliver Wong, 2003). This kind of behavior drastically lowers their chances of encountering notions that differ from their points of view and makes it much easier to convince ones’ contacts to maintain ancient views on issues such as immigration. In most cases, the maintained views are usually negative and unsupportive of pro-immigration policies. Group Threat and Intergroup Contact In the surroundings of a community, white residents are likely to either get acquainted with immigrants, known as intergroup contact, or feel intimidated by the large numbers of immigrants around them, referred to as group threat.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The probability of these two occurrences is frequently estimated using the population of immigrants in a particular area (Krystan, 2000). White people are set in various core networks within their communities which are depended upon by researchers to influence the connection between immigration issues, group threat and intergroup contact. Whites feel threatened by the large numbers of immigrants in urban areas such as cities and counties. This depreciates their general outlook on immigration issues specifically when their level of education is low and also in cases where they happen to have few associations of different racial and ethnic backgrounds in their social circles. Then again, when members of a social circle are well learned or have numerous relations in it, including several of varying ethnicities, they tend to feel less threatened by the presence of many immigrants. This is due to the fact that they obtain current knowledge concerning immigrants and immigration policies f rom their contacts and co-workers (Oliver Wong 2003). In the same way, places that experience constructive intergroup contact such as residential estates and zonal localities, these relations encourage an optimistic outlook on immigration policies and immigrants in the case that correlations are poorly educated and have few contacts of different races. This is because the views of the immigrants seem more genuine than those of their fellow whites. However, in those very areas, social circles of the incredibly learned that also have numerous contacts of different ethnicities may appear less supportive of immigration policies and immigrants. This is caused by their various negative personal experiences with their associations of different ethnicity. They feel that direct dealings with people of various cultural backgrounds gives more insight than that gained from a particular inter-racial contact (Friedkin 1999). Likewise, the members of a social circle in an ancient close knit commu nity or neighborhood are less likely to be impressed by intergroup contact. Such people constantly stay in touch hence maintain their beliefs since they have limited knowledge from other quarters. The members are mostly compelled to disapprove any positive opinions on immigrants and immigration policies social circles. In addition, these core networks may experience more intense feelings of group threat as opposed to the more amicable youthful social circles which share positive knowledge of immigrant issues hence fell less threatened by the number of immigrants among them. In a strong and mature religious core network, members hold on to old teachings. Some old religions, for instance, did not allow mixing of people from different races. Members of such groups are likely to remain unyielding to recent opinions supporting immigration policies. Members of newly rising religions however, will probably be more accommodating of the recent pro-immigrant policies. Conclusion Based on the studies conducted by various scholars over several decades, it is evident that attitudes of white people towards immigrants and pro-immigrant policies are influenced by both dependent and independent variables. Independent variables are those that remain constant and do not change from person to person whereas dependent variables are those that vary from one person to another. A survey conducted using data collected by the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) confirms the opinions of the numerous scholars. In my opinion, Americans should strive to be more open-minded and receptive to new ideas. All people should endeavor to make their social networks broader so as to accommodate more people. This kind of contact will allow people of all races to take part in improvement of their lives socially, economically, religiously and politically. This will be a major team player in the advancement of many sectors including the economy and will lead to overall national development. After al l, there is nothing to lose in setting out to try something new, which in this particular case does not cost money. People should also learn to take responsibility and avoid the blame game. For instance, Americans should acknowledge that there are as many white felons as there are those of other races, whether white or blue collar. They should also realize that contrary to some peoples’ beliefs sharing opportunities with people of other ethnic groups does not limit them to Americans. References Bienenstock, E.J., Bonacich, P., Oliver, M. (1990). The Effect of Network Density and Homogeneity on Attitude Polarization. Social Networks, 12, 153–72. Blau, P.M. (1977). Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press. Friedkin, N. (1990). Social Networks in Structural Equation Models. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 316–28. Krystan, M. (2000). Prejudice, Politics, and Public Opinion: Understanding the Sources of Racial Polic y Attitudes. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 135–68. Oliver, J.E., Wong, J. (2003). Intergroup Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 567–82. Schuman, H., Charlotte, S., Lawrence, B., Maria, K. (1997). Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

The Food Safety Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Food Safety - Personal Statement Example In addition, some time should be set aside during orientation to present and briefly review the pamphlet, and its importance, with the incoming students. The letter to the Dean would take a direct and professional tone. I understand that he is a busy man and I would go directly to the issues of magnitude, importance, and ease of reducing the risk. I would use statistics from the Center for Disease Control and a short quote from the US Department of Agriculture that shows students have unique needs. I would impress upon the Dean that by following a few common sense rules we can greatly reduce the cases of food borne illness on campus. Though the letter will be addressed to the Dean, it would be reasonable to assume that other senior staff and faculty members will read it. As the Dean of the College of Agriculture he is probably aware of the many pamphlets that already exist on this subject and may view it as a redundant effort. However, I have reviewed several of these and they are written for professionals, homemakers, and commercial use. I was unable to locate one aimed at students. The reason that a new pamphlet is needed is to target the students who have a unique lifestyle and do not have a health or science background. As well as giving students something to read, it would highlight the issue and put it in the forefront of the students' minds. This program would benefit the University as well as the students. It would remove some burden from the overtaxed health care system and result in a healthier student body. More importantly, it would reduce student absence, which directly affects student performance. I plan to appeal to his sense of responsibility to the school and the student body, and will approach him as the one person who is in a position to have the imagination to do something about this problem. I expect the Dean to raise the important issues of cost and school resources. The savings to the health care system would offset the minimal cost of the pamphlets and the orientation time. Since the pamphlet is an informational tool, it could be designed and written by a student in the Department of Food Safety and approved by the staff. There would be almost no cost in getting the pamphlet to the printer. Printing costs would be minimal and the information could also be included in an e-mail. The goal is to present information to the students that they can use and heighten student awareness of the issue. I expect the Dean, as overseer of the Food Safety Department, will immediately recognize the importance of the topic and the need for action. The first paragraph should get his interest by the statistics and explaining the students' elevated risk. However, he may disagree on the practicality of my approach. I will need to spend some portion of the letter persuading him that the students would read the information and make use of it. I would point out similar successful programs that have dealt with safe sex and dorm safety. As a way of offering an emotional appeal, I would show my commitment by concluding the letter with an offer to volunteer my services to the program in any way that I was able to contribute. Food Safety Proposal Materials

Sam 445 assign 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sam 445 assign 4 - Assignment Example Since a minor league baseball team does not incur in revenues from advertising or ticket sales like a Major League Baseball team does, its survival is financially dependent on community and business donations, team fundraisers, and sales from the food concession stand in order to cover all the budgeted expenses for the year. The sales of the food concession stand also help supplement and maintain a general expense fund to cover travel expenses and any unexpected team or organizational financial contingencies and expenses. As the concessions manager it is his responsibility to maintain detailed financial receipts and organizational records in order to be able to calculate overall fixed costs and unit costs. Additionally in order for management to estimate the yearly total expenses the concessions manager provides the team general manager with estimated yearly concession food stand budgets and food costs budget in order to complete the yearly team budget. For this year the minor baseball league schedule calls for a 70 game season, plus training and team practice sessions. Cost-Volume Profit (CVP) analysis is one of the most powerful tools available to managers of all organizations big or small. The CVP process helps managers and internal stakeholders to understand how overall volume, costs and profits are all interrelated and analyzes the behavior of the following five elements (Garrison & Noreen, 2003): There are certain steps the concessions manager together with other managing team members must perform in order to utilize CVP effectively and be able to estimate total revenues and total surplus profits. The first step is to estimate the average number of individuals that will attend the team regular season games, practice sessions as well as estimating how attendance will increase if the team qualifies for the playoffs. The second step is to estimate based on

Nutritional knowledge Essay Example for Free

Nutritional knowledge Essay Discussion (guide 2000) The results on knowing the meaning of BMI, it has been shown through the Chi-square test that there is no significant relationship between being obese and knowledge of this item. The same results were yielded for knowledge of fibre-rich food, recommended daily intake of fruits, and recommended daily intake of breads and cereals, which also had insignificant results in the Chi-square. The knowledge items which yielded a significant result in the Chi-square include recommended intake for various sources and reading labels. Health Behaviours Examining the t-test results, most health behaviours prove to be significant. On the number of glasses consumed daily, the normal weight group had a higher average, indicating greater consumption. On the consideration of health in choice of food, there is no significant difference between the two groups. The same trend is observed on the time of taking supper. For time of sleeping, the obese group seems to sleep at a later time. Moreover, the normal weight group has a higher frequency of exercise sessions. The obese group also has more frequent intake of meals; crisps; sweets, chocolate or desert; sweetie beverages; low calorie drinks; instant noodles; and deep fried food. No such difference was noted between the two groups for frequency of eating snacks. The present study does suggest significant differences in the knowledge, lifestyles, and behaviours of normal and obese samples. This suggests that cognition, affect, and behaviour are meaningfully interlinked and that one affects the other.

Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay -- essays research papers fc

Between 1875 and 1877, Leo Tolstoy, nobility by birth, wrote installments of Anna Karenina. While writing Anna Karenina,† he became obsessed with the meaning and purpose of life. This led Tolstoy to compose the essay, My Confession, detailing his agonizing religious and moral self-examination, published in 1882. He devoted another three years to the discovery of the meaning and purpose of life. At the close of the seven years of only non-fiction essays, Tolstoy resumed writing and publishing fictional works. However, he did write two more essays devoted to the meaning of life, What Then Must We Do (1886) and The Kingdom of God is Within You (1892). Tolstoy, in 1886 wrote a particularly intriguing tale of a bishop and three old men, The Three Hermits,† which reflects Tolstoy’s search for purpose and the meaning of life. The Three Hermits is a journey, both physical and spiritual, similar to Tolstoy’s faith journey. â€Å"A bishop was sailing from Archangel to the Solovetsk Monastery, and on the same vessel were a number of pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine at that place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tolstoy, p. 1). The story goes on to say that a fisherman on board relayed the tale of the three hermits who live on an island near where they currently were sailing. The Bishop becomes very curious, and insists upon meeting the hermits. The other pilgrims protest at the idea of stopping. The captain also objects and informs the bishop, â€Å"The old men are not worth your pains. I have heard said that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word, any more than the fish in the sea† (Tolstoy, p.3). This passage makes an ironic point. The pilgrims travel to Solovetsk, home of a monastery considered one of the holy places in Russia, to pay homage and receive Godâ€⠄¢s favor, yet they are unwilling to learn from people close to God, much like the people of Tolstoy’s time, too wrapped up in the church’s doctrine to see the way to God. Tolstoy wrote in Repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand, a chapter of The Kingdom of God is Within You that Christians must aspire to the Kingdom of God, not the kingdoms of the world, meaning that the idols and relics of the church are worthless, people should instead visit God through meaningful prayer, good deeds, and work. The tale continues on to say, â€Å"the cable was quickly let out, the anchor cast and the sails furled†¦ Then... ...rought to life in a fable. The Three Hermits span time in understanding the journey to the meaning of life. To this day, the puzzle never has been solved and may never be solved. In the immortal words of Tolstoy, â€Å"If you are content with the old world, try to preserve it, it is very sick and cannot hold out much longer. But if you cannot bear to live in everlasting dissonance between your beliefs and your life, thinking one thing and doing another, get out of the medieval witted sepulchers, and face your fears. I know very well it is not easy† (The Anarchist Library, p.1). Works Cited Tolstoy, Leo. The Three Hermits. Democritus University of Thrace. 8 January 2000 . Leo Tolstoy. The Anarchist Library. 12 January 2000 . Forster, Stephen. The Gulag's Archipelago. 12 January 2000 . Crosswalk.com: Bible Study Tools. Crosswalk.com Network. 14 January 2000 . â€Å"Tolstoy, Leo.† World Book. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1998.